Why does the love story of Hadrian and Antinous seem so contemporary? Mark Simpson argues we’re all pagans now.
(Originally appeared in the Independent on Sunday, 09/06/2002)
OF ALL THE MEN who wore the purple of Rome, Hadrian seems the most ‘modern’, the most sympathetic and the most tasteful.
This second-century Emperor’s characteristics read like a contemporary TV schedule. There’s his aestheticism (a patron of the arts). His muscularity (an Army man, he could march twenty miles a day and “would withstand all elements his head uncovered”). His yen for travel (he spent much of his reign touring the far-flung provinces of the Empire). His insecurity, his melancholia, his obsession with fame, and of course his fascination with architecture, interior design and elaborate gardens with complicated water features (for example at his famous villa at Tivoli).
If he were alive today, Hadrian would have his own cable channel: Imperial Lifestyles.
It was, however, his passionate and public love-affair with the athletic, handsome, curly-haired Greek youth Antinous which seems now to be the most modern and enduring legacy of his reign – more enduring than all his grand monuments and buildings, including that wall he built to keep Caledonians out.
As much as we might want to get to grips with this Caesar’s material achievements, it’s the romance which keeps catching our eye. Perhaps it’s a reflection on our time rather than his; and then again, perhaps it’s the way that he wanted it. Whichever, Elizabeth Speller’s new book, ‘Following Hadrian’, a meandering though often interesting journey in the footsteps of the emperor, returns repeatedly to the hypnotising figure of Antinous.
Hadrian, perhaps the first pop Svengali, discovered the lowly born but divinely beautiful Antinous on one of his great tours of the Empire, making him famous and turning him into the last pagan god by Imperial edict after his mysterious death by drowning in the Nile in AD130. A grief-stricken Hadrian employed all the media power of the mighty Roman Empire to make his boy Number One, erecting statues and temples to him across the ancient world, and even founding a kind of theme park to him called Antinoopolis: a city on the Nile, complete with statues of the expired youth on every street.
Antinous was the Pop Idol of the ancient world, at a time when “idol” meant something you looked up to rather than down on. He was cuter than Gareth or Will – and also rather better at hunting and wrestling (he may have been Hadrian’s boy, but he was very much the youthful masculine ideal of the time). Perhaps because he came to represent the very idea of the Beautiful Boy, perhaps because people were less fickle back then, or perhaps because there wasn’t much in the way of reality TV in the ancient world, Antinous was worshipped enthusiastically all over the Empire, especially in the Greek East, for hundreds of years after his death.
Just as today, narcissism and intimations of mortality were at the root of this cult of personality. At that time it was customary for Emperors to adopt their heirs rather than sire them. Hadrian himself was adopted by the Emperor Trajan (with whom he was thought to have been romantically involved). Later, when Hadrian had grown too old and bearded for Trajan, they very nearly fell out over some pretty young men in Trajan’s court. All this is hardly surprising, since the “adopt an heir” Imperial game show itself echoed the Greek model of homosexuality/bisexuality — in which an older man chooses a youth to “reproduce” him and his tastes.
We will never know whether Hadrian would have chosen Antinous to succeed him. Politically. However, by building statues and temples to him and declaring him a god, he “chose” Antinous personally in the most public way and ensured that Hadrian — or his desire — was immortal. Antinous remains, even after all these centuries, the face of desire, at least in the sphere of art history.
Perhaps this is why some whispered at the time that Hadrian had either killed Antinous himself, or persuaded the lad to take his own life, in a form of human sacrifice to grant Hadrian immortality. Poetically, hubristically, Antinous’ death by drowning echoes that of Narcissus – though it may have been Hadrian’s vanity he drowned in.
Whatever the truth of this rumour (Speller dissects the evidence adeptly and concludes that it was unlikely), the beautiful boy who represented Hadrian’s spiritual immortality rather than his worldly legacy would, after his death and deification, never grow old; or even into full, bearded manhood. Interesting that both Christianity and the cult of Antinous should have been founded on images of naked young men effectively sacrificing themselves to their daddy’s desire. Hadrian even named a new star in the heavens after Antinous, believing that it was Antinous’ soul ascended into the heavens.
However, stars can signify nemesis as well as deity. A peaceful and pragmatic ruler who consolidated the Roman Empire by withdrawing from unnecessary conflict, Hadrian is nevertheless remembered forever by the Jews as the destroyer of the Temple and the architect of the Diaspora. His intolerance of Judaism helped foment a bloody rebellion in Judea shortly after Antinous’ death, led by the latest self-styled Messiah, Shimon bar Kokhba – which means in Hebrew, “son of the star”.
It may even be the case that the nova Hadrian named ‘Antinous’ was the same portent that bar Kokhba used to prove his Messianic claims. Reading Speller’s vivid accounts of the ruthlessness of the Imperial troops, the fanaticism of the Judean underdogs and the Emperor’s implacable opposition to any kind of accommodation or compromise with the indigenous population, it’s difficult not to think that history repeats itself, but likes to swap the roles around. The revolt was finally quelled, but not before it cost several legions and much of the reputation of Hadrian in Rome.
Some historians have suggested that Hadrian’s anti-Semitism was a product of his Hellenist tendencies. Part of the spark for the Judean uprising was his ban on circumcision (a mutilating outrage to a Hellenist – the Greeks considered the foreskin sacred). Greek and Jewish culture were in competition at that time in the Eastern Mediterranean, and this goes some way to explaining why the Judeo-Christian tradition turned out so hostile to homoerotics.
Certainly, Hadrian’s transformation of an ordinary Greek boy into the last pagan god of Rome 100 years after the death of Christ ensured that the Christians would be more than a little bit sour about him. It didn’t help that the pagan god looked better with his clothes off than theirs. Early Christian fathers routinely sounded off about the abomination of Hadrian’s ‘catamite’ being compared to The Son of God. (The biggest collection of Antinous statuary today is in the vaults of the Vatican; and the cult of Antinous was assimilated by the Church of Rome, partly in the form of the Saint Sebastian myth.)
As part of his preoccupation with immortality and posterity, Hadrian penned his own memoirs. Sadly, these have been lost. Speller tries the device of introducing each chapter with “memoirs” of the poet Julia Balbilla, friend of Hadrian’s neglected wife Sabina. It’s a nice idea, and endeavours to correct the “male bias” of the Hadrian story, but alas, it doesn’t quite work; Speller isn’t able to bring Balbilla to life, or even distinguish the voice of “Julia” from that of the rest of Speller’s prose.
Ultimately, the most striking thing about Hadrian is not how modern he was, but how much we in the West appear to be revisiting his reign: an extraordinarily sustained period of affluence, persistent uprisings in Judea, the Beautiful Boy worshipped and immortalised in the temples of Hollywood, advertising and pop music – while aesthetics, narcissism, interior design and complicated water features in gardens have become all-encompassing concerns.
The Early Christians saw all this as evidence of the decadence of Rome and how doomed paganism was. Now it just looks like evidence of its longevity.
Very, very interresting!
You’re welcome Mark. And yes, sad to say Professor Lambert died shortly after finishing B&G. Requiescat in pace, old chap.
Thanks for the tip on “The Hothouse Society”. If I can track down a copy I’ll check it out.
One more thing: after the death of Antinous, did Hadrian take to buggering Antoninus Pius? And did Pius, in turn, bugger the author of ‘The Meditations’? Interestingly, Marcus Aurelius, who was notably uxorious towards his notoriously promiscuous wife Faustina, broke with the tradition of adoption and was succeed by his (suspect) biological son, Commodus — which is of course the subject for an overly long and vastly overrated flick.
Yes, Mark, in the incarnation of the ‘Hunky Jesus’ both Christ and Antinous transcended even their Deity and became . . . FABULOUS!!!
Nerdy stuff: ‘Christ’ shares an etymological root with Krishna, and gnosticism itself likely represents an infiltration of Eastern philosophy into western thought. The Christ and Krisha myths have a bit in common: from the Hindu perspective both figures are ‘avatars’ — human manifestations of absolute deity. Hindus are quick to afford this recognition to Christ; Christians — irate 19th century Methodist missionaries like the vile St. John Rivers of ‘Jane Eyre’ knocking down lingums, the susequent Sepoy Revolt . . . I wonder if these missionaries ever appreciated the extent to which they inspired the Hindu Renaissance of the late 19th Century, not to mention Indian nationalism?
Just how implacable was Hadrian towards the Jews? Is he guilty of the same short-sightedness currently seen in the West towards Muslims? Bar Kokhba and the Zealots were the Bin Laden and Al Qaida of the second century, and were reviled by the many Jews who appreciated the peace and prosperity of the Pax Romana: recall the Pythons’ ‘what do we owe the bloody Romans?! Plumbing? Oh yes they did bring us that . . .’ Bar Kokhba in turn terrorized Helenised Jews even more than he did the Romans.
The other factor that needs to be taken into consideration with regard to the reduction of Judea is the strategic importance of that little country in the overall scheme of the Pax Romana. An independent Judea would have been quickly subsumed by the emergent Parthians, affording them a Mediterranean port from which they could have undermined the ‘Roman Lake’ that defined the economic integrity of the Empire. No emperor since Augustus better appreciated the Mediterranean boundaries of the empire than Hadrian, which is why upon assuming the Purple he relinquished Trajan’s Babylonian and Armenian conquests.
Matthew – Thanks for your encouraging words. I have a copy of Lambert’s book, and you’re right: it is fascinating. As an ex-public schoolboy I found his ‘The Hothouse Society’ even more fascinating. I didn’t know that he was no longer with us. I hope he’s enjoying the Elysian Fields.
Paul – Impressively well-read, as ever! Yes, it seems that the Antinous cult, like much of Graeco-Roman paganism, was partly assimilated to Roman Christianity. Though The Hunky Jesus beauty pageant sounds like an assimilation of both paganism and Christianity to San Francisco.
“Greek and Jewish culture were in competition at that time, and perhaps this goes some way to explaining why the Judeo-Christian tradition turned out so hostile to homoerotics.”
I believe this ancient schism was finally resolved a few years back when a ‘Hunky Jesus” beauty pageant was held at some fair in San Francisco that happened to take place on Easter Sunday. While the church objected, many of the judges had at one point taken Holy Orders.
But seriously, the idea of Christ, or Christos, had its origins in Platonic gnostic cults that had been around in some form for at least a couple of hundred years prior to the ministry of the pharisee Jeshua (Joshua) — who himself was posthumously Helenised by disaffected Grecophone Jew Saul of Tarsus in the process of inventing Christianity. Interestingly, subsequent depictions of Jesus in western art typically don’t look at all Jewish. In fact, they look very Antinous-like. Oy vey!
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Great article Mark. I read the Speller book when it came out, and you’re right; it doesn’t really hang together although she does make some interesting points.
I don’t know if you’ve read a book called Beloved and God, by the late Professor Royston Lambert, but it is an in-depth (and absolutely fascinating) look at the relationship between Hadrian and Antinous and the enduring appeal of the boy-god through the ages. Only available second-hand, I’m afraid, but a good companion to the upcoming exhibition I’m sure.
Keep up the good work – enjoy your columns!
M
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